Injury. 2025 Jun 25;56(8):112557. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112557. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The global rise in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), driven by an aging population, has led to an increased incidence of periprosthetic fractures (PPFs). Dual implants for distal femur periprosthetic fractures (PDFFs) are a growing area of interest for these challenging fractures with dual plating (DP) and plate-retrograde femoral intramedullary nail (PN) emerging as viable constructs for these injuries. However, dual implants have inherent limitations. Herein we focus on describing a modified PN fixation-retrograde tibial intramedullary nail (RTN) combined with a less invasive stabilization system (LISS) for PDFFs following TKA in elderly patients and providing the technical trick of this modified PN fixation.

PMID:40602036 | DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2025.112557

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2025 Jul 2;107(13):e74. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.25.00400.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40600896 | DOI:10.2106/JBJS.25.00400

Int Orthop. 2025 Jul 2. doi: 10.1007/s00264-025-06597-y. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to explore the representation of professionals engaged in medico-surgical practices within seventeenth-century Dutch and Flemish genre painting. The research focuses on how these works of art mirror the rich diversity of healthcare practitioners, the techniques employed, the spaces of care depicted, and the societal perception of medical knowledge.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: An extensive review has been conducted of the foremost museums and painting databases devoted to seventeenth-century Dutch and Flemish art related to the treatment of illness. Over one hundred and fifty works, created by some sixty painters active during this period, have been subjected to a meticulous formal and iconographic analysis.

RESULTS: The study unveils the coexistence of a multifaceted array of medical figures - from physicians and barber-surgeons to empirics and charlatans - and illustrates how paintings of the time portrayed urban, rural, and mercantile settings of medical practice. These visual narratives document surgical techniques, orthopaedic interventions, and the complex social dynamics between patients and healthcare providers. Furthermore, the works frequently incorporate satirical and allegorical elements that critique the pretensions of the medical elite, highlight surgical ineptitude, or expose the cunning of itinerant healers.

CONCLUSION: Seventeenth-century genre painting serves as a vivid visual testament to the popular perception of medicine and provides invaluable insight into the tensions between academic medicine and empirical practice. These works offer a critical and nuanced lens through which to apprehend the medical culture and epistemologies of the period.

PMID:40600997 | DOI:10.1007/s00264-025-06597-y

Int Orthop. 2025 Jul 2. doi: 10.1007/s00264-025-06596-z. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To determine the functional impact and complications associated with os acromiale after the implantation of a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) with medialization of the centre of rotation.

METHODS: A retrospective case-control study with cross-sectional evaluation was conducted. Between 2004 and 2021, patients who underwent RTSA for cuff arthropathy, GH osteoarthritis or massive irreparable rotator cuff tears with os acromiale (OA) and more thantwo years of follow-up, were identified. A control cohort (2:1) without acromial compromise (NOOA) was also identified. Functional (Constant, ASES, Quick-DASH, VAS, ROM) and radiological assessment (os acromiale type, acromiohumeral distance, acromion tilt) were performed.

RESULTS: RTSA was implanted in 432 cases during the study period, 221 with rotator cuff arthropathy, irreparable tears, or osteoarthritis, of these, 12 had an os acromiale (OA) (5.4%) and were compared to 24 patients without os acromiale (NOOA). Epidemiologic data OA/NOOA were: female 10/20, mean follow-up 47.2 ± 25/56.1 ± 30 months, mean age 73.5 ± 4.7/75.4 ± 4.1 years. Regarding the difference in preoperative and final follow-up functional outcomes (OA/NOOA): Constant 20.2/30.9 (p =.012), ASES 28/54 (p =.017), Quick-DASH - 19.6/-27.2 (p =.220), VAS - 5/-7 (p =.007), difference in pre-surgery/last follow-up ROM: elevation 50º/60º (p =.138), abduction 60º/60º (p =.775). The os acromiale group presented two prosthetic dislocations (16.7%).

CONCLUSION: Patients with os acromiale improve their preoperative condition after RTSA implantation; however, although there are no differences in joint balance, this improvement is significantly lower in the Constant and ASES scores, primarily due to a decrease in strength and pain relief experienced by patients with os acromiale.

PMID:40600996 | DOI:10.1007/s00264-025-06596-z

Int Orthop. 2025 Jul 2. doi: 10.1007/s00264-025-06592-3. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40600995 | DOI:10.1007/s00264-025-06592-3

Int Orthop. 2025 Jul 2. doi: 10.1007/s00264-025-06570-9. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: MRI plays an important role in the evaluation of rotator cuff tears. Our study aimed to determine if specific MRI criteria can be used to distinguish between acute traumatic and pre-existing degenerative lesions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 40 MRIs or MR-arthrograms with rotator cuff tears. Twenty tears were traumatic and 20 were non-traumatic. Two radiologists specialized in musculoskeletal imaging, an experienced shoulder surgeon and a registrar trained in shoulder surgery assessed on each MRI the presence or absence of the following 11 parameters: tendon oedema, oedema in the muscles of the rotator cuff and the deltoid, edema and cysts in the greater tuberosity, tendon stump at the insertion site, tangent sign, tendon kinking, cobra sign, superior and posterior decentering of the humeral head. All investigators were blinded to the age and sex of the patients, the cause of the tendon lesion, the duration of the symptoms and the proportions of traumatic and non-traumatic tears. They were also asked for their assessment regarding the cause of each patient's tear, traumatic or degenerative.

RESULTS: All features could be observed with varying percentages in both groups. It was therefore impossible to assign a specific MRI to one group or the other, even with a combination of two or three features. One observer categorized 25 of 40 cases correctly (62.5%), two observers assigned 22 cases (55%), and one observer 19 cases (47.5%) correctly.

CONCLUSION: In individual cases, a partial or full-thickness lesion of the supraspinatus tendon or a postero-superior rotator cuff tear without advanced fatty infiltration cannot be correctly assigned to an acute traumatic or a preexisting lesion based on MRI.

PMID:40600994 | DOI:10.1007/s00264-025-06570-9

EFORT Open Rev. 2025 Jun 30;10(7):572-573. doi: 10.1530/EOR-2025-0029.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40591688 | PMC:PMC12226823 | DOI:10.1530/EOR-2025-0029

EFORT Open Rev. 2025 Jun 30;10(7):562-569. doi: 10.1530/EOR-2024-0147.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This scoping review examines the epidemiology and incidence of complications associated with incorrect screw length in orthopaedic trauma surgeries, aiming to underscore its impact on clinical outcomes and healthcare costs.

METHODS: Guided by Arksey and O'Malley's framework and PRISMA guidelines, a thorough search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar up to April 2024. Studies included must be human-based orthopaedic procedures involving screw length, published in peer-reviewed journals with full text available, and report complications from incorrect screw length; studies excluded were systematic reviews/meta-analyses. Paper characteristics and data on incident rates of complications due to screw protrusion were extracted and presented in a supplementary table using Microsoft Excel.

RESULTS: Of 2,285 studies identified, 31 met the inclusion criteria. Incorrect screw length led to severe complications, including neurovascular damage (7 studies), avascular necrosis (4 studies), delayed union or pseudoarthrosis (9), tendinitis/tendon rupture (12 studies), and pain (10 studies). Notably, improperly sized screws increased neurovascular and avascular necrosis complications, especially in weight-bearing joints. In addition, incorrect screw length was linked to higher hardware removal rates, contributing to increased healthcare costs. Limitations include the inability of some studies to definitively attribute complications to screw protrusion and the exclusion of cases involving joint collapse or solely mechanical complications.

CONCLUSION: This review underscores the importance of precise screw length selection to prevent complications and improve surgical outcomes. It calls for further research on the medico-legal and economic impacts of screw length errors and the need for better surgical practices.

PMID:40591687 | PMC:PMC12229280 | DOI:10.1530/EOR-2024-0147

EFORT Open Rev. 2025 Jul 1;10(7):510-519. doi: 10.1530/EOR-2024-0069.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Dexmedetomidine is a widely employed adjunct in nerve block anesthesia for shoulder arthroscopy. This study aimed to assess the analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine as a nerve block adjuvant in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy.

METHODS: A thorough search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library databases was conducted to identify randomized-controlled trials comparing the effects of dexmedetomidine-enhanced shoulder arthroscopy nerve blocks against those without dexmedetomidine. This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the PRISMA guidelines. The Cochrane-recommended risk of bias tool was employed for quality and bias assessment. Statistical analysis, utilizing Review Manager 5.4 with a significance level of P < 0.05, focused on primary outcomes: duration of analgesia and postoperative 24 h morphine consumption, and secondary outcomes: motor and sensory block duration, visual analog scale pain scores and adverse events.

RESULTS: Out of 307 articles retrieved, ten randomized-controlled trials involving 672 patients were included. Dexmedetomidine supplementation significantly prolonged the duration of analgesia (MD = 3.58, 95% CI: 2.53- 4.63, P < 0.00001, I 2 = 77%) and decreased postoperative morphine consumption (MD = -11.88, 95% CI: -17.25 to -6.52, P < 0.0001, I 2 = 41%). In addition, the dexmedetomidine group exhibited lower VAS pain scores at 1, 12 and 24 h postoperatively. No significant differences were observed in motor block duration, bradycardia (P = 0.18), hypotension (P = 0.50) and nausea and vomiting (P = 0.76). Sensitivity analyses validated the robustness of these findings.

CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis supports dexmedetomidine as an effective adjuvant in nerve blocks for shoulder arthroscopy. It enhances postoperative analgesia without increasing adverse events such as bradycardia, hypotension and nausea and vomiting.

PMID:40591683 | DOI:10.1530/EOR-2024-0069

EFORT Open Rev. 2025 Jun 30;10(7):570-571. doi: 10.1530/EOR-2024-0140.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40591682 | PMC:PMC12226824 | DOI:10.1530/EOR-2024-0140

EFORT Open Rev. 2025 Jul 1;10(7):439-444. doi: 10.1530/EOR-2025-0126.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40591679 | DOI:10.1530/EOR-2025-0126

EFORT Open Rev. 2025 Jul 1;10(7):475-486. doi: 10.1530/EOR-2024-0093.

ABSTRACT

While conventional structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect cruciate ligament anatomy and injuries, it has inherent limitations. Recently, novel MRI technologies such as quantitative MRI and artificial intelligence (AI) have emerged to mitigate these shortcomings, providing critical quantitative insights beyond gross morphological imaging and poised to expand current knowledge in assessing cruciate ligament injuries and to facilitate clinical decision making. Quantitative MRI serves as a noninvasive histological and quantification tool, which significantly improves the evaluation of degeneration and repair processes. AI plays a crucial role in automating radiological estimations and enabling data-driven predictions of future events. Despite the transformative impact of advanced MRI techniques on the analytical and diagnostic algorithms related to cruciate ligament disorders, future efforts are warranted to address challenges such as economic burdens and ethical considerations.

PMID:40591678 | DOI:10.1530/EOR-2024-0093

EFORT Open Rev. 2025 Jun 30;10(7):534-542. doi: 10.1530/EOR-2024-0053.

ABSTRACT

Occurring in 0.5-3% of cases, periprosthetic humerus fractures pose a challenge, necessitating effective management strategies. A comprehensive review was conducted using PubMed. Used terms included 'Periprosthetic humerus fractures; complications; periprosthetic fractures shoulder arthroplasty; periprosthetic humeral fracture treatment; nerve palsy humeral revision arthroplasty; infections after shoulder arthroplasty; postoperative complications AND open reduction AND humeral fractures; allograft AND long humeral stem'. Studies were excluded if they did not meet the actual topic, included more than primary shoulder arthroplasty and/or were in non-English or non-German language. Thirty-eight papers with evidence levels ranging from two to three were selected for this review. Various classification systems have been implemented; their validation though was based on studies with only a limited number of patients. Risk factors include osteopenia/osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, age, age-related lifestyle and gender. Treatment options range from conservative approaches to plate osteosynthesis or revision to a longer stem. Nevertheless, there is a lack of biomechanic studies and randomized-controlled clinical studies; hence, the evidence is low. Complications in revision arthroplasty encompass infections, nonunions, and nerve palsies, highlighting the importance of individualized treatment planning. The management of periprosthetic humeral fractures requires careful consideration of risk factors and tailored treatment plans. Existing literature relies on small case series and expert opinions, highlighting the need for further research to establish optimal treatment strategies for these challenging fractures.

PMID:40591677 | DOI:10.1530/EOR-2024-0053

EFORT Open Rev. 2025 Jul 1;10(7):466-474. doi: 10.1530/EOR-2024-0167.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH).

METHODS: Search for term systems related to ONFH and HBOT in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science databases. The risk ratio (RR) was used as the effective index for dichotomous variables while mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used as the effective index for continuous variables, with a two-sided P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. I2 statistic and Q test were used to evaluate the statistical heterogeneity of the included studies.

RESULTS: Ten studies were included, involving 568 participants. Pre-post meta-analyses to show the visual analog scale after HBOT (MD = -2.94, 95% CI: -4.27, -1.60, P < 0.0001), short form 12 physical component summary scale (SF12 PCS) (MD = 17.28, 95% CI: 8.26, 26.31, P = 0.0002), short form 12 mental component summary scale (SF12 MCS) (MD = 4.26, 95% CI: 2.56, 5.95, P < 0.00001), Harris hip score (HHS) (MD = 26.91, 95% CI: 0.35, 53.46, P = 0.05), modified Harris hip score (mHHS) (MD = 44.31, 95% CI: 13.75, 74.87, P = 0.004) were significantly different from those before treatment. The results of SF12 PCS (MD = -0.39, 95% CI: -7.85, 7.06, P = 0.92) and SF12 MCS (MD = 0.76, 95% CI: -7.02, 8.52, P = 0.85), patients' improved events (RR = 1.83, 95% CI: 0.37, 9.09, P = 0.46) showed no significant difference between the HBO and non-HBO groups.

CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that HBOT cannot be regarded as an effective measure for the treatment of early-stage necrosis of the femoral head and more large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed for further verification.

PMID:40591670 | DOI:10.1530/EOR-2024-0167

EFORT Open Rev. 2025 Jun 30;10(7):520-533. doi: 10.1530/EOR-2024-0078.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Various conservative and surgical treatments was clinically applied in rotator cuff calcific tendinitis (RCCT), the evaluation of distinction among all available intervention is still lacking. This study aims to systematically compare the efficacy and safety of these interventions and provide guidance for RCCT treatment.

METHODS: The study utilized four electronic databases for literature retrieval and is registered in PROSPERO. Network meta-analyses (NMA) were conducted for continuous outcomes such as functional improvement and pain relief. For the outcome of calcification deposit resolution, due to discrepancies in statistical methods and insufficient data for pooling, a systematic review was conducted. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool was used to assess the risk of bias.

RESULTS: A total of 33 randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) covering 26 treatment methods were included. In nonsurgical treatments, comprehensive physical therapy (PT) methods (ranked 1st in Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking (SUCRA)) showed the best performance in terms of functional improvement, followed by high-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT-H) + PT, which ranked 2nd. For pain relief, radial shock wave therapy (RSWT) + PT (ranked 1st) was most effective. In surgical treatments, arthroscopic bursectomy debridement of rotator cuff (ABD) + arthroscopic subacromial decompression (ASD) showed similar effects to ABD alone for functional improvement (SMD: -0.01, 95% CI: -0.54 to 0.57) and pain relief (SMD: -0.02, 95% CI: -0.51 to 0.43), with no significant differences observed. For calcification resolution, ultrasound-guided needling (UGN) + subacromial corticosteroid injection (SAI) demonstrated promising therapeutic potential.

CONCLUSION: Comprehensive PT demonstrates superior efficacy in improving functional outcomes, while RSWT + PT significantly alleviates pain. In terms of surgical interventions, ABD alone demonstrated similar clinical effects to ABD + ASD in both functional improvement and pain relief. However, there is currently no direct data to compare the effectiveness of operative versus nonoperative treatments for RCCT.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42023476423.

PMID:40591667 | DOI:10.1530/EOR-2024-0078

EFORT Open Rev. 2025 Jul 1;10(7):487-495. doi: 10.1530/EOR-2024-0189.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This scoping review aimed to map the literature on the effects of growth plate violation with intramedullary locking nail (IMN) at the knee in skeletally immature patients. It focused on assessing clinical and experimental outcomes, with particular attention to complications such as growth arrest and deformities.

METHODS: This scoping review followed the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews, with registered protocol at the Open Science Framework. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus was performed for studies involving pediatric patients with open growth plates treated with IMNs at the knee and animal studies assessing physeal violations.

RESULTS: Ten studies were included, comprising six clinical, three animal studies, and one review. The clinical studies included 89 pediatric patients treated either with retrograde femoral or antegrade tibial nailing. The youngest patient was a 7-years-old female, and there were no reported cases of growth arrest following IMN. Animal studies demonstrated that up to 7% of physeal violation did not result in significant growth disturbances, but exceeding this threshold led to growth inhibition. In addition, implant removal showed mixed results, with early bone bridge formation noted in few cases.

CONCLUSIONS: Limited physeal violations by IMN may not cause significant growth disturbances, while exceeding certain thresholds could result in adverse outcomes. The current evidence is insufficient to make recommendations on the use of IMN at the knee in skeletally immature patients, particularly to make recommendations regarding age, femur/tibia and sex. Further research is needed to establish long-term outcomes and optimal guidelines for safe physeal instrumentation.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

PMID:40591666 | DOI:10.1530/EOR-2024-0189

EFORT Open Rev. 2025 Jun 30;10(7):543-550. doi: 10.1530/EOR-2024-0160.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Our study aims to compare different perioperative treatments to reduce C. acnes, the most common causative agent of surgical site infections following shoulder surgery.

METHODS: A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Scopus, and the Web of Science for studies published up to October 20, 2022. We included randomized-controlled trails investigating the efficacy of different dermal preparation in reducing the C. acnes colonising the skin surface. The studies examined positive bacterial cultures before and after skin treatment. The included trials were able to compare seven different skin treatment methods. We performed a frequentist network meta-analysis and calculated pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS: Our study could include comparisons of 946 different patients. The use of 5% benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and its combination with the antibiotic clindamycin was found to be the most effective in reducing C. acnes colonization on the skin (BPO 5% RR = 0.25, CI: 0.08-0.72, BPO with clindamycin RR = 0.25, CI: 0.04-1.50). Based on the rank plot, 5% BPO (P score: 0.808) was the most effective treatment, followed by BPO 5% with clindamycin (P score: 0.749). We could not perform a network meta-analysis regarding the efficacy of different dermal preparation in reducing C. acnes colonization on the dermis and in the joint.

CONCLUSION: Cutibacterium colonization of the skin flora can be effectively reduced on the skin surface by the use of 5% BPO.

PMID:40591665 | DOI:10.1530/EOR-2024-0160

EFORT Open Rev. 2025 Jul 1;10(7):496-509. doi: 10.1530/EOR-2025-0006.

ABSTRACT

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common neonatal musculoskeletal condition characterized by hip instability and inadequate acetabular coverage. If untreated, it can lead to osteoarthritis, chronic pain, and eventual hip replacement. Animal models, including dogs, pigs, sheep, rabbits, rodents, and chickens, are essential tools for studying DDH pathogenesis and testing therapeutic strategies. Larger species closely resemble human anatomy, while smaller species facilitate cost-effective, high-throughput studies and advanced genetic manipulation. Key modeling strategies include surgical interventions (e.g. joint dislocation, femoral or pelvic osteotomy), external fixation, and genetic modifications (e.g. gene knockout or lentiviral transduction) to simulate various aspects of DDH and reflect its multifactorial etiology. Evaluation techniques such as radiography, microcomputed tomography, MRI, and ultrasound are employed to image bony and cartilaginous structures. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses provide insights into cellular and extracellular matrix changes, while gait assessments evaluate functional deficits and pain-related behaviors. Selecting an appropriate animal model requires careful consideration of research objectives, ethical standards, and translational potential. Advances in gene editing technologies (e.g. CRISPR), three-dimensional-printed implants, and in vivo imaging are enhancing model fidelity and accelerating the discovery of novel therapies. Ongoing innovations in DDH research are expected to bridge gaps in understanding the disease's etiology and improve long-term outcomes for affected patients through optimized therapeutic interventions.

PMID:40591661 | DOI:10.1530/EOR-2025-0006

EFORT Open Rev. 2025 Jul 1;10(7):445-453. doi: 10.1530/EOR-2024-0154.

ABSTRACT

Enabling our patients to recover back to their pre-injury state or beyond is at the core of every treatment in orthopedic trauma surgery. Current methods of assessing functional recovery after extremity trauma largely focus on individual segments of complex, compound activities, or are created for a specific purpose and for specific populations. Such assessment instruments cannot readily account for the effect of limitations in adjacent segments. Equally, the segment-specific instruments use limited domains to assess complex actions and aptitudes. Most traditional functional assessment tools do not accommodate the individual nature of function and only assess function in larger increments during follow-up clinic visits. Recent developments of both commercial and medical-grade wearable systems and associated digital technologies can overcome most of the challenges associated with traditional outcome measures. In this review, we introduce the main technologies and their potential to track patient functional recovery in relation to the treatment phase, both before and after an injury.

PMID:40591659 | DOI:10.1530/EOR-2024-0154

EFORT Open Rev. 2025 Jul 1;10(7):454-465. doi: 10.1530/EOR-2024-0152.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of topical tranexamic acid (TXA) to systemic administration (intravenous and oral) and placebo in hip and knee surgeries.

METHODS: This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus to compare the bleeding, hospitality, and morbidity between topical tranexamic acid with systemic administration of TXA and placebo. Random-effect models and meta-regressions were used to generate pooled estimates and assess heterogeneity.

RESULTS: Eighty RCTs with 13,969 patients were identified reporting on the outcomes of using topical tranexamic acid in hip fracture surgery, hip arthroplasty and knee arthroplasty compared with intravenous, oral, and placebo. Overall, topical TXA acid decreased total blood loss (-353 mL (95% CI: -395, -311), P < 0.001), drainage volume (-239.802 mL (95% CI: -298.744, -180.859), P < 0.001), intraoperative blood loss (-14.994 mL (95% CI: -34.370, 4.382), P < 0.001), hidden blood loss (-123.711 mL (95% CI: -153.703, -93.719), P < 0.001), total hemoglobin loss (-0.970 gr/dL (95% CI: -1.289, -0.651), P < 0.001), total hematocrit loss (-0.937 (95% CI: -1.289, -0.584), P < 0.001), and blood transfusion rate (RR diff.: 0.480 (95% CI: 0.386, 0.597), P < 0.001) compared to placebo. No significant differences were observed between topical TXA and systemic routes (intravenous or oral) in total blood loss, transfusion rates, and hemoglobin levels.

CONCLUSION: Topical TXA (intra-articular, peri-articular, or wound irrigation) significantly reduced blood loss, drain volume, hemoglobin loss, and transfusion need compared to placebo. Subgroup analysis showed that topical TXA outperformed placebo and was similar to intravenous and oral routes.

PMID:40591647 | DOI:10.1530/EOR-2024-0152