J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2025 Dec 3. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.25.00944. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:41337568 | DOI:10.2106/JBJS.25.00944

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2025 Dec 3. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.25.00656. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: We examined the association between physical activity (PA) and joint space loss (JSL) over 48 months in individuals with knee osteoarthritis to assess the role of the PA level in knee osteoarthritis progression.

METHODS: We analyzed 1,806 participants from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. PA was measured with the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) and was categorized as low, moderate, or high. JSL was defined as a reduction in joint space width of ≥0.7 mm. Analyses were stratified by the baseline Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade. Cox proportional-hazards (CoxPH) and joint models assessed the association between baseline PA and changes in longitudinal PA and JSL, adjusting for covariates.

RESULTS: Over 48 months, 33.8% of the patients experienced JSL. In patients with KL grade 2, the moderate PA tertile was associated with a reduced JSL risk compared with low PA in both standard and marginal CoxPH analyses. However, in patients with KL grade 3, increasing PA in the continuous PASE modeling was associated with increased JSL risk (marginal CoxPH: hazard ratio [HR], 1.002 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.001 to 1.004]), confirmed by joint models (HR, 1.083 [95% CI, 1.020 to 1.150]). The rate of change of PA over time did not significantly influence progression.

CONCLUSIONS: Moderate or high PA did not increase the 4-year JSL risk in patients with KL grade 2. However, higher current PA was associated with higher JSL risk in patients with KL grade 3, highlighting the need for further research on the complex impact of PA on osteoarthritis. These findings may help clinicians to identify patient subgroups who could benefit from tailored PA recommendations, informing value-based care and personalized osteoarthritis management.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

PMID:41337563 | DOI:10.2106/JBJS.25.00656

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2025 Dec 3. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.25.00668. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Whether the sensory and behavioral traits of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affect bracing outcomes in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remains unclear. This study evaluated the impact of ASD on bracing success, curve progression, and patient-reported outcomes in patients with AIS.

METHODS: This retrospective study included patients 10 to 18 years of age who were treated for AIS with bracing between 2011 and 2024. A total of 58 patients with ASD were matched in a 1:2 ratio to 116 controls with use of nearest-neighbor matching based on BrAIST-Calc predicted probabilities. Exclusions included non-idiopathic scoliosis, early-onset scoliosis, kyphoscoliosis, a Risser stage of >2, pre-treatment curves of <25° or >40°, and inadequate follow-up. Progression to the surgical threshold was defined as a major curve of ≥45°. Firth logistic regression was used to model the association between ASD and progression to the surgical threshold, adjusting for residual imbalances.

RESULTS: The matched cohort (n = 174; 51% male; 40% White, 25% Hispanic, 21% Black, 10% Asian, and 5% not specified) demonstrated balanced propensity scores (SMD = 0.006). Compared with patients without ASD, those with ASD had higher rates of progression to the surgical threshold (40% versus 20%; p = 0.005), a curve progression of ≥6° (60% versus 38%; p = 0.005), noncompliance (36% versus 22%; p = 0.04), brace-related issues (22% versus 8%; p = 0.006), and surgery being recommended or performed (33% versus 13%; p = 0.002). In the multivariable analysis, ASD (odds ratio [OR], 3.12 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.32 to 7.35]; p = 0.009), noncompliance (OR, 4.00 [95% CI, 1.65 to 9.71]; p = 0.002), and a greater initial curve magnitude (OR per degree, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.15 to 1.38]; p < 0.001) significantly increased the odds of progression to the surgical threshold. Within the ASD group, Scoliosis Research Society-22 revised (SRS-22r) self-image, management, and total scores improved significantly over time. No significant between-group differences in change scores were observed.

CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with ASD were >3 times more likely to progress to the surgical threshold and had higher rates of noncompliance, brace-related issues, and surgery being recommended or performed. ASD may represent a risk factor for bracing failure, potentially related to sensory or behavioral intolerance. Nonetheless, 60% of patients with ASD avoided progression to the surgical threshold, and within-group improvements in SRS-22r scores were observed. These findings support bracing as a viable treatment option for patients with ASD, although it is likely best paired with individualized care and closer follow-up. Future studies should aim to improve brace tolerance and adherence in this population.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

PMID:41337495 | DOI:10.2106/JBJS.25.00668

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2025 Dec 3;107(23):2627-2635. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.25.00482. Epub 2025 Dec 3.

ABSTRACT

➢ Sacral insufficiency fractures are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates and are becoming increasingly prevalent in elderly patients with osteoporosis.➢ Prompt identification of these injuries and appropriate treatment for stable and unstable fractures can reduce patient morbidity.➢ The treatment of sacral insufficiency fractures depends on the severity of symptoms, which, in most cases, is associated with the degree of fracture instability. Treatment options include nonoperative measures, pharmacologic therapies, procedural treatments, and operative management.➢ Sacroplasty may be an effective procedural treatment for sacral insufficiency fractures, although there has been a lack of comparative studies, and complication types and rates are concerning.➢ Percutaneous posterior pelvic ring screws demonstrate stable fixation, allowing early patient mobilization. Standard posterior pelvic ring percutaneous fixation has high screw backout rates, although new implants may mitigate these complications.➢ There have been limited comparative data on outcomes following treatment of these injuries across procedural and operative techniques.

PMID:41335115 | DOI:10.2106/JBJS.25.00482

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2025 Dec 3;107(23):2594-2595. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.25.01091. Epub 2025 Dec 3.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:41335114 | DOI:10.2106/JBJS.25.01091

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2025 Dec 3;107(23):2593. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.25.01046. Epub 2025 Dec 3.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:41335113 | DOI:10.2106/JBJS.25.01046

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2025 Dec 3;107(23):2591-2592. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.25.01233. Epub 2025 Dec 3.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:41335112 | DOI:10.2106/JBJS.25.01233

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2025 Dec 3;107(23):2589-2590. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.25.00502. Epub 2025 Dec 3.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:41335111 | DOI:10.2106/JBJS.25.00502

Injury. 2025 Nov 19;57(2):112897. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112897. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: As the number of older adults with hip fractures rises, improving strategies to prevent postoperative pneumonia is crucial in this vulnerable population. This study aims to evaluate the effect of implementing the ICOUGH protocol for the prevention of pneumonia on the incidence of postoperative hospital-acquired pneumonia in geriatric hip fracture patients.

METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 1342 patients aged ≥ 70 years with operative treatment of a hip fracture between 2021 and 2024. In January 2023, the ICOUGH protocol was implemented, consisting of incentive spirometry, coughing and deep breathing, oral care, early mobilization, patient education, and head-of-bed elevation. A historical control cohort of 646 patients was compared to a post-implementation cohort of 696 patients. The primary outcome was the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Secondary outcomes included delirium, urinary tract infection, intensive care unit admission, length of stay, and 30-day mortality. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed with predetermined covariates.

RESULTS: The incidence of postoperative pneumonia was 8.0 % in the historical cohort, and 4.7 % in the intervention cohort (p = 0.013). Implementation of the ICOUGH protocol was independently associated with a lower risk of developing postoperative hospital-acquired pneumonia (aOR=0.551, 95 % CI=0.347-0.875, p = 0.012). Secondary outcomes showed that delirium was reduced with 7.9 % (p = 0.012) and 30-day mortality was reduced with 1.4 % (p = 0.022) in the intervention group.

CONCLUSION: Implementation of the ICOUGH protocol effectively reduces the incidence of postoperative hospital-acquired pneumonia among geriatric hip fracture patients. This protocol is a practical and minimally invasive strategy, and shows that multidisciplinary, proactive care is effective in preventing postoperative pneumonia.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IIIb.

PMID:41337952 | DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2025.112897

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2025 Dec 2. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.25.00336. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:41329790 | DOI:10.2106/JBJS.25.00336

Injury. 2025 Nov 27:112907. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112907. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Helmets play a critical role in preventing and reducing the severity of head injuries in high-risk sports. Understanding the factors influencing equestrian helmet use and safety perceptions is needed to optimise injury prevention strategies.

METHODS: In this cross-sectional study of 596 equestrian participants aged ≥12 years, we assessed helmet use, factors influencing helmet purchase decisions, and perceptions of helmet safety. Chi square tests and regression models examined differences by age, professional status, jumping versus non-jumping disciplines and concussion history.

RESULTS: Helmet use whilst riding was high (96 % participants). A high proportion of helmets used for competition (97 %) met at least one safety standard, however this was lower for recreational use (65 %). Younger equestrians (aged 12-44 years) and those who had not experienced a concussion were more likely to rank price as the most important factor for helmet purchase decision making. There were no differences by jumping or non-jumping equestrian disciplines or professional status. Older age and being female were independently linked with higher perceptions of helmet safety in the regression model (p = 0.01).

CONCLUSION: Safety messages need to focus on improving understanding of helmet standards and the reasoning behind safety recommendations to help reduce the injury risk in equestrian sports, particularly targeting adolescents/young adults.

PMID:41330824 | DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2025.112907

Injury. 2025 Nov 20;57(2):112905. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112905. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:41330087 | DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2025.112905

Int Orthop. 2025 Dec 2. doi: 10.1007/s00264-025-06695-x. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Knee coronal angular deformities are a frequently encountered challenge in paediatric orthopaedic practice. When surgical treatment is indicated, guided growth techniques have many advantages in managing these conditions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcome of a modification of the original Percutaneous Epiphysiodesis using Transphyseal Screw (PETS) technique described by Métaizeau as a minimally invasive surgical approach in the treatment of knee angular deformities.

METHODS: In this prospective study, a total of 14 patients (comprising 25 limbs) with a coronal plane deformity of the knee underwent percutaneous transphyseal screw hemiepiphysiodesis. Operative time is assessed. The patients were subsequently monitored for an average duration of 28 months. The radiological assessment was conducted using the metrics of MAD (mechanical axis deviation), mLDFA (mechanical lateral distal femoral angle), and MPTA (medial proximal tibial angle). Clinical assessment included the intermalleolar distance (IMD) and intercondylar distance (ICD). The functional outcome evaluation was conducted using a modified version of the original Böstman score, taking into account the different age groups of the targeted cases.

RESULTS: In the genu valgum group, the mean preoperative values were: intermalleolar distance (IMD) 16.9 cm, mechanical axis deviation (MAD) 2.6 cm, and mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA) 84°. In the genu varum group, the mean preoperative values were: intercondylar distance (ICD) 8.4 cm, mechanical axis deviation (MAD) -3.0 cm, and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) 77.8°. The mean operative time was 15 min. All radiological and clinical outcome measures showed significant improvement (P ≤ 0.05). At 24 months, 96% of cases achieved an excellent Böstman knee score. One patient reached skeletal maturity before full correction could be achieved. No other complications were observed.

CONCLUSION: This modification of the Métaizeau technique retains the advantages of PETS and offers a simplified approach that may reduce operative time and fluoroscopy use. Our results suggest that it is a safe and effective option for correcting coronal angular knee deformities in children. Further comparative studies are needed to confirm these potential benefits.

PMID:41329198 | DOI:10.1007/s00264-025-06695-x

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2025 Dec 1. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.25.00572. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: No previous studies have investigated the application of an ultrasonic bone scalpel (UBS) in the treatment of osteoid osteoma (OO). We aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of UBS use, either as a standalone treatment or in combination with radiofrequency ablation (RFA), for managing OO.

METHODS: In this single-center study, a retrospective analysis was performed that included patients who were radiographically or histologically diagnosed with OO at Shanghai General Hospital from September 2022 to November 2023. The treatment modalities were RFA, UBS, or RFA and UBS combined. Demographic data, clinical presentation, and radiographic characteristics were collected and analyzed. Treatment failure was defined as symptom recurrence, reoperation, or the occurrence of complications.

RESULTS: A total of 77 patients (mean age, 16.12 ± 10.91 years; 70% male; 100% Han Chinese) were included. Most lesions (60%) were located in the femur, and the mean nidus diameter in the cohort was 11.58 ± 6.57 mm. Imaging classification revealed cortical (36%), subperiosteal (7%), cancellous (32%), and intra-articular (25%) types. Treatment included RFA (30%), UBS (34%), and RFA+UBS (36%). Visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores decreased significantly from 4.55 ± 1.12 preoperatively to 0.99 ± 0.60 on postoperative day 3 and to 0.25 ± 0.52 at 1 month (p < 0.001). No major complications occurred. The treatment success rate was 97% during the 18 to 34 months of follow-up (mean, 27.32 ± 5.05 months).

CONCLUSIONS: The UBS, whether used alone or in combination with RFA, effectively improved short-term pain relief and functional recovery in patients with OO, with no major complications. Similar to RFA, UBS use appears to be a safe and reliable treatment option for OO. Because each treatment approach has its own advantages, it is recommended to select the surgical method on the basis of the lesion characteristics. This recommended treatment algorithm supports clinical decision-making and broadens minimally invasive treatment options for OO.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

PMID:41325452 | DOI:10.2106/JBJS.25.00572

Injury. 2025 Nov 20:112904. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112904. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Traumatically injured patients who are detained by law enforcement have variable disposition possibilities that may be unclear to providers. This creates difficulties in discharge planning, and may contribute to disparities in outpatient care. The objective of this study was to evaluate emergency department (ED) utilization, readmissions, and follow-up for traumatically injured patients discharged to jail compared to those discharged to home.

METHODS: This was a retrospective review of traumatically injured patients at a Level 1 trauma center from 2015 - 2022. All patients discharged to jail were propensity matched 1:1 to a subset of patients discharged to home. The match was based on age, gender, race, mechanism of injury, and Injury Severity Score. The primary outcome was ED utilization within 60 days. Secondary outcomes were unplanned readmissions and attendance at trauma-related follow-up appointments. Outcomes were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS: There were 392 matched pairs. Patients discharged to jail were more likely to visit the ED compared to home patients (25 % vs 18 %, OR 1.46, 95 % CI 1.02 - 2.10, p = 0.030). There were no differences in unplanned readmissions (6 % vs 7 %, OR 0.86, 95 % CI 0.48 - 1.53, p = 0.579) between the two groups. Patients discharged to jail were more likely to visit the ED with concerns regarding obtaining their discharge prescriptions (19 % vs 1 %, p < 0.001), and 30 % (n = 7) of these patient readmissions were due to the jail not being able to accommodate their medical cares. A total of 28 % of patients discharged to jail had no trauma-related ambulatory follow-up compared to 15 % of home patients (OR 2.33, 95 % CI 1.59 - 3.49, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Patients discharging to jail face fragmented transitions of care which creates barriers in outpatient healthcare engagement. They are more likely to visit the emergency department, and are less likely to have appropriate trauma related follow-up care. Targeted interventions are necessary to support this patient population to improve outpatient care after injury.

PMID:41320616 | DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2025.112904

Injury. 2025 Nov 26:112910. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112910. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The global trauma burden disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries(LMICs), which lack robust emergency medical services(EMS). The Global Prehospital Consortium determined Tier-1 EMS response intervals are a priority for investigation. On-scene response intervals for professional ambulance-driven Tier-2 EMS vary by density of centralized ambulance dispatch sites per population, requiring costly infrastructure to improve response times. Community bystander-driven (Tier-1) systems are less costly with diffuse and non-centrally dispatched responders. Therefore, we hypothesized Tier-1 EMS response intervals to emergencies are not distance-related, due to the inherent diffusion of Tier-1 responders.

METHODS: In 2016, Tanzania Rural Health Movement launched a Tier-1 lay first responder(LFR) program in Tanzania integrated with Beacon, a mobile emergency medical dispatch(EMD) platform. LFRs were provided with a two-day training course. Chief complaints, diurnal emergency variation, and response/triage/encounter intervals were prospectively recorded for analysis. GIS software (ArcGIS Pro 2.8) evaluated encounter latitude/longitude and distance from Mwanza city center, compared with response interval, using a logarithmic distribution for correlational analysis.

RESULTS: 1273 entries were prospectively catalogued (2017-2024). 60 encounters lacked ≥67 % data compliance, 136 lacked GPS coordinates, and 89 geographic/time outliers were excluded, leaving 988 encounters for analysis (77.6 %). Of chief complaints, 81.0 % were road traffic injury-related. Median dispatch to on-scene arrival interval = 1 minute 4 seconds (IQR:36s-5m9s) and median on-scene arrival to triage decision interval = 1 minute 2 seconds (IQR:37s-2m32s) (n = 988). There was no correlation between log (response time interval) and log (distance from Mwanza center) (r = 0.028, p = 0.380) (n = 1012).

CONCLUSIONS: In this community-based EMS model, response times were rapid and not associated with geographic distance, highlighting the effectiveness of decentralized Tier-1 systems when combined with mobile dispatch technology. These findings support the scalability of low-cost, bystander-driven EMS networks in LMICs without reliance on traditional costly dispatch infrastructure, offering a promising strategy to address the global trauma burden.

PMID:41320615 | DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2025.112910

Injury. 2025 Nov 20;57(2):112902. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112902. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Atypical femoral fractures are associated with high rates of non-union and reoperation due to their complex pathogenesis. There is no consensus in literature on the optimal treatment strategy of these difficult cases. This study demonstrates a standardized management protocol for atypical femoral fracture non-unions, with surgical mechanical alignment of the non-union, without bone grafting or use of biological adjuncts, and with immediate unrestricted weight bearing post operatively. The study aimed to examine whether comparable union and complications rates can be achieved to those published in literature.

METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected trauma database at a tertiary referral centre for non-union was conducted. Demographic data, serial radiographs, and clinical records were reviewed. The primary outcomes were union rate and time to union.

RESULTS: 13 consecutively treated patients with atypical femoral fracture non-union were included with a union rate 92 % (12 out of 13). The single ongoing non-union was in a patient who died shortly post-operatively and once excluded, the union rate was 100 %. 1 of the 12 patients who achieved union required two procedures. The average time to union of the 11 patients who underwent a single procedure for non-union was 8.3 months. The revision fixation methods were reconstruction intramedullary nail (n = 4), a reconstruction type nail with adjuvant plate (n = 5), or a 95-degree blade plate (n = 4). No bone graft or any other biological adjuncts were used in any cases.

CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a comparable union rate for atypical femoral fracture non-unions to studies previously reported and achieved this without any form of bone grafting and no complications from immediate weight bearing. To our knowledge, this is the only case series where no bone grafting was used in the management of AFFNU.

PMID:41319409 | DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2025.112902

Injury. 2025 Nov 26;57(2):112913. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112913. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The global rise in obesity presents a complex challenge in trauma care, characterized by the "Obesity Paradox." This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical protection hypothesis and its influence on initial injury severity and clinical outcome in severely injured patients.

METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed 1549 adult trauma patients (ISS≥9) divided into Non-Obese (NO, BMI<30) and Obese (OB, BMI≥30) cohorts. Primary endpoints included ISS, regional AIS scores, and mortality. Secondary endpoints included physiological burden (SAPS II) and resource utilization (LOS, ICU LOS). Group differences were analyzed and the independent effect of BMI on mortality, adjusting for Age, ISS, and ASA status assessed.

RESULTS: The OB cohort was significantly older and presented higher pre-existing comorbidity. Supporting the cushioning effect, OB patients exhibited a significantly lower overall ISS (p=0.035) and lower regional AIS scores for the Head/Neck (p=0.008) and Abdomen/Pelvis (p=0.036). OB patients suffered greater morbidity however, with higher SAPS II scores (p<0.001) and longer total LOS (p=0.005) and ICU LOS (p=0.021). Despite this morbidity and their lower ISS, in-hospital mortality was comparable between groups (p=0.728). Multivariate analysis confirmed that Age and ISS were strong, independent mortality predictors (OR>1.08, p<0.001), while BMI itself was not a significant independent predictor (OR1.036, p=0.119).

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings strongly suggest that the "Obesity Paradox" in major trauma is not a mere statistical anomaly, but a reproducible phenomenon with a distinct mechanistic explanation: Biomechanical protection which results in a lower ISS, neutralizes the increased physiological and comorbidity burden of the obese state.

PMID:41319408 | DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2025.112913

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2025 Nov 3. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.25.00909. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:41318643 | DOI:10.2106/JBJS.25.00909

Injury. 2025 Nov 26;57(2):112908. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112908. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Acute nerve injury (ANI) leads to significant neuropathic pain and functional impairment. Current treatments, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like meloxicam, provide symptomatic relief but have limited neuroregenerative effects. Varenicline, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist, has demonstrated neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties.

AIM: This study evaluates the effects of varenicline as an add-on therapy to meloxicam in a rat model of ANI.

METHODS: Eighteen female Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: Control (CONT), Sham (SHAM), Acute Nerve Injury + Meloxicam (ANI+Melox), and Acute Nerve Injury + Meloxicam + Varenicline (ANI+Melox+VAR). Varenicline (2.5 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered alongside meloxicam (2 mg/kg, s.c.). Functional recovery, histopathological changes, and biochemical markers, including prostaglandins (PGE₂, PGI₂), substance P, IL-6, levels, were assessed after 30 days.

RESULTS: Varenicline and meloxicam co-treatment significantly reduced inflammatory and pain biomarkers including prostaglandins, interleukin-6 and substance P, compared to meloxicam alone. Histopathological evaluation revealed enhanced Schwann cell proliferation, reduced fibrosis, and increased Bands of Büngner formation, suggesting nerve regeneration.

CONCLUSION: Varenicline, as an adjunct to meloxicam, enhances neuroprotection, reduces inflammation, and promotes histological and biochemical indicators of regeneration in rats with acute sciatic nerve injury. Future studies should explore its long-term effects and potential as a monotherapy for peripheral nerve injuries.

PMID:41317660 | DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2025.112908